கற்றுக்கொள்பவை:

• கணினி என்றால் என்ன?
• கணினியின் வகைகள்
• இன்புட் மற்றும் அவுட்புட் என்றால் என்ன?
• அப்ளிகேஷன் என்றால் என்ன?
• மெமரி டிவைஸ் என்றால் என்ன?

கணினி என்றால் என்ன?

கணினி என்பது உள்ளீட்டிற்கு (Input) உதவுவது மற்றும் வெளியீட்டை (output) வழங்கும் மின்னணு இயந்திரம் ஆகும்.

கணினி “சார்லஸ் பாபேஜ்” என்பவரால் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டது .இவரே கணினியின் தந்தை என அழைக்கப்படுகிறார்.

இது தரவுகளை உள்ளிடவும் (input), அதை செயலாக்கவும் (CPU), அதை சேமிக்கவும் (memory) மற்றும் முடிவுகளை வெளியிடவும் உதவும் சாதனங்களால் ஆன இயந்திரம்.

கணினியின் பயன்பாடுகள்:

• அதிக வேகத்தில் கணக்கிட உதவுகிறது.
• எக்ஸ்ரே ஸ்கேன் போன்ற மருத்துவ வேலைகள் செய்ய கணினி உதவுகிறது.
• தகவல் பரிமாற்றத்திற்கு இணைய-கணினி (Internet) உதவுகிறது.
• இது உலகெங்கிலும் உள்ள மக்களுடன் நம்மை இணைக்கிறது.
• விளையாடுவதற்கும், இசையைக் கேட்பதற்கும், இணையத்தை அணுகுவதற்கும், திரைப்படங்களைப் பார்ப்பதற்கும், மற்றும் கணக்கீடுகளைத் தீர்ப்பதற்கும் ஒரு கணினி பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
• கல்வித்துறையில் கணினியின் பங்கை யாரும் மறுக்க முடியாது.

Computer consists of:

கணினி வன்பொருள் ( hardware ) மற்றும் மென்பொருள் (software) கூறுகளைக் கொண்டுள்ளது.

வன்பொருள் ( hardware )

இவை வெளியில் காணக்கூடிய மானிட்டர், சுட்டி ( mouse), விசைப்பலகை ( keyboard), speaker போன்றவற்றால் ஆனது.

மென்பொருள்

இது கணினியில் பணிகளைச் செய்யும் வழிமுறைகளின் தொகுப்பாகும்.

keyboard , மவுஸ் போன்ற உள்ளீட்டு சாதனங்கள் கணினியில் தகவல்களை வைக்க உதவுகிறது.

இது வெளியிலிருந்து பயனாளர்கள் தரும் தகவல்களை ஏற்று பதில் அளிக்கிறது.

கணினியின் பாகங்கள்

keyboard

விசைப்பலகை மிகவும் பொதுவான உள்ளீட்டு வன் பொருள் ( hardware) சாதனம்.

விசைப்பலகையில் எழுத்துகள், வார்த்தைகள் மற்றும் எண்களைத் தட்டச்சு செய்வதன் மூலம் தரவு உள்ளீடு செய்யப்படுகிறது. இது ஒரு கணினியில் தரவை உணர முடியும் மற்றும் அதிலிருந்து எந்த தகவலையும் பெறாது

Mouse

சுட்டி ஒரு சுட்டி சாதனம்.

திரையில் உள்ள கர்சரின் இயக்கத்தை நாம் இதன் மூலம் கட்டுப்படுத்தலாம்.

மவுஸில் இழுவை விருப்பத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தலாம்.இதன் மூலம் மேலே ஸ்க்ரோல், ஸ்க்ரோல் டவுன் பண்ண முடியும்.

டக்ளஸ் ஏங்கல்பார்ட் என்பவரால் mouse கண்டுபிடிக்கப் பட்டது.

Output devices

அவுட்புட் சாதனம் என்பது கணினியிலிருந்து தரவைப் பெற்று அந்தத் தரவை வேறொரு வடிவத்திற்கு மாற்றும் வன்பொருள்.

அச்சு பொறி (Printer)

வெளியீட்டு சாதன அச்சுப்பொறியிலிருந்து பெறக்கூடிய உள்ளீட்டு சாதன விசைப்பலகையைப் பயன்படுத்தி கணினியில் தட்டச்சு செய்கிறது.

கணினியிலிருந்து காகிதத்திற்கு தரவை மாற்றுவதற்கு அச்சுப்பொறி பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

வண்ண அச்சுப்பொறிகள்

கருப்பு மற்றும் வெள்ளை பிரிண்டர்கள் உள்ளன.

பல்வேறு வகையான அச்சுப்பொறிகள் டாட் மேட்ரிக்ஸ் பிரிண்டர்கள், இன்க்ஜெட் பிரிண்டர்கள் மற்றும் லேசர் பிரிண்டர்கள் உள்ளன

Touch Screen

திரையில் காட்டப்படும் படங்கள் அல்லது சொற்களைத் தொடுவதன் மூலம் பயனர் கணினியுடன் தொடர்பு கொள்ள அனுமதிக்கிறது.

வெளியீட்டுத் தகவலைத் திரையில் காட்டுவதற்கும், திரையில் உள்ள சொற்கள் அல்லது படங்களைத் தொட்டு உள்ளீடு செய்வதற்கும் தொடுதிரைகள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

இது கணினியில் காணப்படும் மிக முக்கியமான பாகமாகும்.

இதுவே கணினியின் மூளை.

இது Control Unit and Arithmetic and Logic unit என்று பிரிக்கப்படுகிறது.

அனைத்து முக்கிய கணக்கீடுகள் மற்றும் ஒப்பீடுகள் இதன் மூலம் செய்யப்படுகின்றன, மேலும் இது செயல்பாடுகளை செயல்படுத்துகிறது மற்றும் கட்டுப்படுத்துகிறது.

Control unit

இது உள் மற்றும் வெளிப்புற சாதனங்களின் செயல்பாடுகளை இயக்குகிறது மற்றும் கட்டுப்படுத்துகிறது.

Arithmetic and logic unit

ALU என்பது நினைவகத்திலிருந்து (memory) பெறப்பட்ட உண்மையான எண்கணித செயல்பாடுகள் (எ.கா. கூட்டல், கழித்தல், பெருக்கல், வகுத்தல்) ஆகும்.

Memory devices

Memory devices என்பது நம் பதிவுகளை சேமித்து வைப்பதற்கான இடம்.

Types of memory devices

• முதல்நிலை
• இரண்டாம் நிலை

கணினி நினைவகம் என்பது கணினியில் உள்ள சேமிப்பக இடமாகும்.

இங்கு பதிவுகள் செயலாக்கப்பட்டு மற்றும் செயல்முறைகள் தொடங்கும் முன் வழிமுறைகள் பதிவு செய்யப்படுகின்றன.

Questions

1. கணினியின் தந்தை –

2. கணினியின் மூளை என அழைக்கப் படுவது –

1) TRANSACTION :

An activity which involves exchange or transfer of goods or services or fund between two persons

EXAMPLE : purchase of goods , sales of goods

Transactions classified into two  :

1) Cash transaction :

Transaction where there is an immediate payment of money for the purchase of an asset

EXAMPLE :

Madhu buys table worth of Rs 15,000 and immediately pay the price of the table is known as cash transaction

2) Credit transaction :

Transaction where the payment is made on the future days is known as credit transaction

EXAMPLE :

Kamalesh purchase furniture worth of Rs 50,000 for his business purposes but he pay the cash on later days is known as credit transaction

2) PROPRIETOR :

A person who owns a business is called proprietor. He contributes money to the business with the intension of earning profit

3) CAPITAL :

It is the money invested by the proprietor in the business

EXAMPLE :

Mr. Sankar starts business with Rs 10,00,000.

Mr. Sankar – PROPRIETOR Rs 10,00,000 – CAPITAL

4) ASSET :

An asset is any resource that a business owns or controls

Assets classified into two :

– TANGIBLE ASSETS.

The assets are those have physical existence . Ex : land , vehicle

– INTANGIBLE ASSETS :

Those assets which doesn’t have physical existence but their possession give benefits to the owner . Ex: goodwill, trademarks

5) LIABILITIES :

Liabilities denotes the money which the proprietor has to pay for other institutions or person . Ex : loans from bank , bills payable.

QUESTION 🕜⌛:

1) what is asset ? What are the different types of assets ?

2) who is proprietor ?

3) what do you mean by credit transaction ?

4) what is mean by liabilities ?

RESULTS :

• 4/4 – Excellent 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟
• 3/4 – very Good🌟🌟🌟🌟
• 2/4 – good 🌟🌟🌟
• 1/4 – Need to improve 👍 . You can 🤝 try again.

AUTHOR ✍️ :

CIN . Madhushree Sankar

What will you learn

• Learn about nervous system
• Neuron structure
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Peripheral nervous system

What will you achieve

• You will get the clear Idea about our nervous system

Brain is composed of white (axons) and gray matter (cell body) tissues. A normal adult brain weighs around 1.4kg.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a transparent watery fluid that flow in and around brain and spinal cord. The main functions are as follows:

• 

• 

• 

The three major parts of the brain are cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.

Cerebrum

It is the largest part of the brain. The functions are thinking, decision making, planning, vision, memory, learning, emotions, and creativity. Cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain.

Cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres and four lobes in each hemisphere.

• 

• 

Cerebellum:

It is the most primitive structure and is referred to as ‘small brain’. The functions are motor learning, walking, posture, and balance.

Medulla oblongata:

It is the lower part of the brain. The functions are respiration, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

• 

Spinal Cord

Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure, protected by vertebral column, runs through the center of spine, from brainstem to low back. It is composed of nerve bundles and cells that carry messages from brain to the rest of body.

It has three main parts:

• Cervical (neck)
• thoracic (chest)
• lumbar (lower back).

Functions

Send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes.

There are 31 pairs of nerves and nerve roots in spinal cord.

• 

• 

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

PNS involves the parts of the nervous system outside the brain and the spinal cord.

• 

Functions:

Control autonomic body functions

Control motor movements

Digestion

Relay sensory information to the CNS.

What will you learn

• What is input and output devices
• What is memory device
• Types of computers
• Application of Computer

What is computer?

Computer is an electronic machine which accepts input and gives output.

It was invented by “Charles Babbage” who is also known as “father of computer“

Usage of Computer

Computer can do calculations,comparison,reading and writing on a given data at high speed.

Computer consists of Hardware and software components.

It is a machine made up of devices that enables us to Enter data (input) ,process it (CPU),store it (memory) and output the results

Hardware: These are visible components such as monitor,CPU,mouse, keyboard.

Software:It is set of instructions that performs different tasks on a computer.Ex:Ms word,Ms Excel, powerpoint.

PARTS OF COMPUTERS

Input Devices

Input devices such as keyboard,mouse enables us to put information into the computer.

It accepts data from user or outside of the environment.It is a hardware device

KEYBOARD

Keyboard is the most common input device.Data are input by typing letters,words and numbers on the keyboard.

It can sense data to a computer and does not receive any information from it

MOUSE

Mouse is a pointing device.It can be rolled over which we can control the movement of the cursor in the screen. We can use drag option in the mouse through which scroll up,scroll down options are use

Mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart

OUTPUT DEVICES

Output device is a hardware that receives data from computer and convert that data into another format.

Input devices sends data to the computer,output device Receives data from computer

Monitor: The monitor looks like a television screen. It is also called Visual Display Unit (VDU) and it is used to display information from the computer.

Printer:

A printer is used for transferring data from the computer to the paper. There are colour printers as well as black and white printers. The different types of printers are Dot Matrix Printers, Inkjet Printer and Laser Printers.

Touch Screen

It allows the user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words displayed on the screen. Touch screens are used to display the output information on the screen as well as to give input by touching the words or pictures on the screen.

Central Processing Unit(CPU)

The main unit inside the computer is the CPU.

It consists of Control Unit and Arithmetic and Logic unit.

All major calculations and comparisons are made inside the CPU and it activates and controls the operations.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

 The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is the part where actual arithmetic operations (e.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division )over data received from memory.

Control Unit:

 It directs and controls the activities of the internal and external devices.

MEMORY DEVICES

Memory device is a hardware used to store our information and data’s in computer.

There are 2 types of memory devices PRIMARY & SECONDARY MEMORY

Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for process are stored

How is memory used?

When a program, such as your Internet browser, is open, it is loaded from your hard drive and placed into RAM. This process allows that program to communicate with the processor at higher speeds. Anything you save to your computer, such as pictures or videos, is sent to your hard drive for storage.

Applications of computer

• 

What will u learn ?

• Meaning of accounting 
• Definition of accounting
• Objective of accounting

What will you achieve?

You will gain clarity about meaning, definition and objectives of accounting

• 

MEANING OF ACCOUNTING :

Accounting is a system which collects and process financial information of a business

DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING :

American accounting association defines accounting as “the process of identifying, measuring and communication economic information to permit informed judgements and decision by users of the information“

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants ” accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part , at least of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof ”

1. To Maintain accounting record :

Accounting is used to maintain a systematic record of all financial transactions in a books of accounts

2. To Calculate the result of operation :

Every business owners need to know the net result of their business operation

3. To Determine the Financial position :

To know the assets and liabilities of the business

4. Providing Information to the User :

These information are reported to the users to enable them to make appropriate decisions

What do you learn?

You will learn parts of your body and it’s function.

What do you achieve?

• You will gain knowledge about your body parts.
• You will get knowledge about the functions of your body parts.

INTRODUCTION

Our body has three main parts- the head, the limbs and the trunk. Trunk is between neck and leg. The head has eyes, nose, mouth and ears.

PARTS OF THE BODY:

• My body has one head.
• My body has one nose.
• My body has two eyes.
• My body has two ears.
• My body has two hands.
• My body has two legs.
• My body has one mouth.

1.PARTS OF THE HEAD AND NECK

• Face.
• Scalp.
• Forehead.
• Neck.
• Eyes.
• Nose.
• Tongue.
• Eyelid.
• Eyelash.
• Ears.
• Hair.
• Teeth.

2.PARTS OF THE ARMS

• Arm.
• Upper arm.
• Fore arm.
• Shoulder.
• Elbow.
• Knuckle.
• Hand.
• Finger.
• Thumb.
• Finger nail.

3.PARTS OF THE LEGS

• Leg.
• Thigh.
• Knee.
• Shin.
• Ankle.
• Foot.
• Toe.
• Heel.

4.PARTS OF TORSO:

• Chest.
• Abdomen.
• belly button.
• Back.
• Buttocks.
• Waist.
• Hips.

Activity:

FUNCTION OF MY BODY PARTS:

• EYES- eyes help us to see.
• EARS- ears help us to hear.
• NOSE- nose helps us to smell.
• TONGUE- tongue helps us to taste.
• HAND- hand helps us to write and in lifting things.
• LEGS- legs help us to run, kick, jump,walk etc.

Activity:

What do you learn ?

You learn about what is living and non living things .

What do you achieve?

• You gain knowledge about living and non-living things
• can differentiate living and non living things

LIVING THINGS:

• All living things are natural things. 
• They are produced by nature.

Living things need food:

•  Living things need food to obtain energy, to grow and to stay healthy.
• Plants make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
• Animals get their food from plants and other animals.

Living things breathe:

•  All living things need to breathe. 
• Different animals use different organs to breathe.
• Example- fish use their gills to breathe. 

Living things grow and develop:

• Living things grow from small to large and finally become adult to old. Example- human beings are born as babies and grow into adults.Seeds grow into baby plants and finally into big plants or trees.

Living things die:

• All living things grow and become old then die.

Living things move:

• All living things can move except plants.

Living things feel:

• Living things react to react to changes in their environment. 
• They usually respond to touch, light, heat, cold, and sound, etc.

Living things reproduce:

• All living things produce new organisms of their own kind.
• Some animals produce babies and some lay eggs.
• Plants mainly reproduce through seeds.

NON-LIVING THINGS:

• All Non- living things are man made things.

They do not : 

• Move 
• Grow 
• need food 
• Feel 
• Breathe
• Reproduce 

Example-toys

What will you learn

• What is a noun
• 10 different types nouns

NOUNS

• Naming words are called nouns
• Name of a person, place, animal and things are called a noun
• Eg:      girl, Aswandh, boy, Singapore, table,chair, pen, pencil
• Nouns are an important part of speech in English .

There are several different types of English nouns.

Let’s see  10 different types of nouns in English.

Different types of nouns

1. Common nouns

• A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general.
• A common is a common name of a person, place, animal or things

E.g _       boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, house, cat, girl.

Common nouns in sentences

Eg

• I like chocolate.
• Ramya went to the library.
• Chennai is a big city.
• My friends are reading books.
• Vijay is a famous actor.

2. Proper nouns

• A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing.
• A proper noun is a particular name of a person, place, animal or things.
• In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.
• Eg.     Steven, Africa, London, Monday, Spain, Fido, Sony

Proper nouns in sentences

• Alex is a wonderful player.
• He was born in England.
• He moved to Australia when he was young.
• He lives in Sydney.
• He has a house across the Georges River.
• He goes for a walk by the river every Monday.

3. Singular nouns

Singular nouns are nouns that refer to only one person, place or thing.

Eg

house, cat, girl, foot, country

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4. Plural nouns

A plural noun refers to more than one of something.

Many singular nouns just need an S added at the end to make them plural .

Eg.        

• cat        _   cats
• girl       _ girls
• pencil  _  pencils
• boy      _  boys
• shoe    _   Shoes

For some nouns that already end with an S, you may need to add -es to the end to make their plural form.

Eg.

• class         _  classes
• bus           _   buses
• dress        _   dresses
• glass         _   glasses
• dish          _    dishes

Some singular nouns also change spelling when made plural

(e.g.  and ).

• country  _ countries
• baby        _ babies
• Knife       _ knives
• wife         _ wives
• shelf        _ shelves

Not all nouns follow this pattern. some nouns have irregular plural form

Eg.

• foot      _ feet
• mouse _ mice
• tooth    _ teeth
• child     _ children
• man      _ men

5. Concrete noun

A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted.

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concrete nouns eg:

table, apple, rabbit, ear,dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach,

6) Abstract nouns

An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions – things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality

e.g.

truth, danger, happiness, time,love, creativity, democracy, friendship, humour.

7) Collective nouns

A collective noun refers to a group that functions as one unit

8.Countable nouns

A countable noun is one that you can count. When you have two chocolates or 10 pencils, you are describing a noun that is countable.

Eg.

table, apple, rabbit, ear

9) Uncountable nouns

An uncountable noun is one that cannot be counted.

Eg.

Water, salt, luggage

There are 8 parts of speech in English language.

Every single sentence that you speak has parts of speech

As each has different function in sentence, they make the sentences grammatically correct.

Noun

Noun is a naming word .

It names a person, place, animal or things.

Eg :

• Raju , Ryon ,Jothi _ person
• India, Chennai, library _ place
• Cheetah, peacock, ant _ animal
• Table, pencil, mobile phone _ things

Noun in sentences

• My teacher is a very nice person
• Ranveer is going to America
• I love dogs, but I hate cats.
• George is very clever but he doesn’t study his lessons .
• It was a small animal like mouse.

Pronoun

Eg: I, we , you, they,he,she,it,our

• Ryon is  a very nice friend. He always helps me with my home work.
• She asked me to complete the project by this evening.
• They are good at playing football .
• You have to come to my birthday party.
• I had forgotten my wallet in the room.

Verb

Verbs are words that they show an action

Eg : Stand, run , write, eat , see

Verb in sentence

• Rekha ran to school as she was late
• I like icecream
• She accepted the job offer.
• She yelled when she hit her toe.
• The dog smelled the bone

Adjective

It describes a noun or pronoun

Eg : short , beautiful, old , young, seven

• Fatimah has a huge house with six rooms.
• She wore a beautiful dress.
• He writes meaningless letters.
• This shop is much nicer.
• Ben is an adorable boy

Adverb

Adverb describes a verb or an adjective. The adverb tells us how often, when , where or how

Eg : slowly, yesterday, always

• Phillip sings loudly in the shower.
• My cat waits impatiently for his food.
• I will seriously consider your suggestion.
• He is always late for the school.
• The woman is quite pretty.

Interjection

Eg: wow ! Oh!

• Wow! The view is amazing.
• Hey! I haven’t seen you in a long time.
• I dropped my phone again, ugh!
• Hey! Get off that floor.
• Good! Now we can move on.

Conjunction

Eg : and, but , although, however

• I like to watch the T.V and eat popcorn.
• I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward.
• Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.
• Bill is tough, although he’s small.
• Though he’s tall, George can’t lift weights

Preposition

Eg : under , above, during

• The cat jumped over the box .
• Get into the car quickly.
• We are late to school
• The shop is at the end of the street.
• You are standing on my foot.

WHAT IS ADDITION?

1.Addition usually signified by the plus symbol (+).
2.Addition is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic.
3.The addition is taking two or more numbers and adding them together,
4.That is, it is the total sum of two or more numbers.
5.We always Start adding from the ones digit and move towards the digits at the highest place.

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN UNDER THIS TOPIC :

1. You will begin to understand place value in numbers.  2. You will be able to add numbers.  3.You will mentally add numbers beginning with the biggest number and counting on.  4.You will learn the place value of numbers.  5.You will use adding when you are counting your money or count things like pencils, Books, chocolates, dresses, etc.

WHAT WILL THEY ACHIEVE

1.Addition helps kids master the relationships between numbers and understand how quantities relate to one another.  2.Adding is one of the important bases of their lives.  3.They will begin to relate addition to combining two groups of objects.  4.They will begin to relate addition by counting on from the largest number.

WHAT IS PLACE VALUE 

1. Place value is the basis of our entire number system.  2.This is the system in which the position of a digit in a number determines its value.  3.For example :In 27, 2 is in the tens place and its place value is 20, 7 is in ones place and its place value is 7.

STEPS :

 Step 1: Write the numbers one below the other as per the places of the digits  Step 2: Start adding from ones digit,write the sum under the ones digit. If the sum of the ones digit is greater than 9,write the ones digit of the sum under the ones and carry forward its tens digit to the tens column   Step 3: Add the tens digit. 

ADDITION 

Adding 0

0+1=1

0+2=2

0+3=3

0+4=4

0+5=5

0+6=6

0+7=7

0+8=8

0+9=9

Adding 1

1+0=1

1+1=2

1+2=3

1+3=4

1+4=5

1+5=6

1+6=7

1+7=8

1+8=9

1+9=10

Adding 2

2+0=2

2+1=3

2+2=4

2+3=5

2+4=6

2+5=7

2+6=8

2+7=9

2+8=10

Adding 3

3+0=3

3+1=4

3+2=5

3+3=6

3+4=7

3+5=8

3+6=9

3+7=10

Adding 4

4+0=4

4+1=5

4+2=6

4+3=7

4+4=8

4+5=9

4+6=10 

Adding 5

5+0=5

5+1=6

5+2=7

5+3=8

5+4=9

5+5=10 

Adding 6

6+0=6

6+1=7

6+2=8

6+3=9

6+4=10

Adding 7

 7+0=7

7+1=8

7+2=9

7+3=10

Adding 8

 8+0=8

8+1=9

8+2=10

Adding 9

9+0=9

9+1=10

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